The Horse's Head

#569) Force of Evil (1948)

OR “Morse Code”

Directed by Abraham Polonsky

Written by Polonsky and Ira Wolfert. Based on the novel “Tucker’s People” by Wolfert.

Class of 1994

The Plot: Corrupt lawyer Joe Morse (John Garfield) works for gangster Ben Tucker (Roy Roberts), who wants a monopoly on New York’s illegal numbers racket. One of the smaller rackets that Tucker wants to buy out is owned by Joe’s estranged brother Leo (Thomas Gomez), who initially refuses to sell, but acquiesces once Joe calls the vice squad on him. As Joe continues to become more corrupt, he runs the risk of subverting Leo’s secretary Doris Lowry (Beatrice Pearson) and bookkeeper Mr. Bauer (Howland Chamberlain). Truly the quest for power is a…force of evil. Or is gambling the force of evil? The movie’s not quite clear on that.

Why It Matters: The NFR calls it “a masterpiece of postwar American noir”, praising John Garfield’s performance and the screenplay’s “eloquent prose”.

But Does It Really?: Unfortunately this is one of those movies that I admired more than I enjoyed. “Force of Evil” is a lost gem with great performances and memorable cinematography, but I get it mixed up with all the other post-war noir of the era (“film gris” as Thom Andersen calls it). It’s a sub-genre of movies that has been eclipsed by the more artistic noir entries of its era (“Double Indemnity“, “Out of the Past“, etc.), and despite the artistic flairs of “Force of Evil”, it still sits in the same “above-average” column as “The Naked City” and “The Asphalt Jungle“. While not the most memorable NFR entry, “Force of Evil” adds to the “figures in the carpet” of underrated post-war movies that are still worth a viewing today.

Everybody Gets One: Abraham Polonsky initially studied law at Columbia, but eventually pivoted to writing. Among his first produced screenplays was “Body and Soul”, a John Garfield boxing vehicle that earned Polonsky an Oscar nod. Garfield commissioned Polonsky to write and direct a follow-up movie for Garfield’s Enterprise Productions. “Force of Evil” was Polonsky’s directing debut. This is also the only NFR appearance for practically the entire supporting cast, including stage actor Beatrice Pearson and then-recent Oscar nominee Thomas Gomez.

Wow, That’s Dated: It’s important to know that at this point in history, any type of numbers racket was illegal. New York would not have its first state-run lottery until 1967.

Title Track: The film adaptation of “Tucker’s People” was originally called “The Numbers Racket”, but the Code objected to having the word “racket” in a movie title. Like many a movie title of the era, no one ever says or explains “force of evil” during “Force of Evil”.

Other notes 

• I’m new to the works of John Garfield (just this and my recent viewing of “Gentleman’s Agreement“), and I have to say he is on fire in this movie playing a real charming bastard. It’s an electric, charismatic performance, and it’s a shame we didn’t get too many more from Garfield after that. (see “Legacy” below).

• One of the elevator operators at the beginning of the movie is voiceover legend Paul Frees in one of his rare on-camera roles.
• “Rich relatives are better than doctors or medicine.” Ooh, that’s a good line. I’ll have to remember that.
• While most of these actors never graduated beyond their B-movie status, some ended up blacklisted a few years later. One notable exception with Beatrice Pearson, who opted to forgo a film career in favor of the theater. Pearson’s decision is our loss, because she is making a dynamite film debut here, more than holding her own with John Garfield.

• Thomas Gomez is one of those character actors who I’m sure I’ve seen in a thousand other movies, but a look at his filmography offers no answers. He’s like if Thomas Mitchell and Eugene Pallette had a baby (have fun getting that image out of your head).

• Several sources cite then-seven year old Beau Bridges playing the role of Frankie Tucker in the movie (presumably the son of Joe’s boss), but his scenes appear to have been cut from the final film.
• “Force of Evil” is one of many film gris with its share of inventive cinematography, mixed with some highly effective editing. Many critics have compared George Barnes’ camera compositions to the paintings of Edward Hopper, and they’re right. Polonsky gave Barnes a book of Hopper’s paintings to inspire him.
• Also dated: the phrase “He gets the cigar”, the flip side of “Close but no cigar”. Apparently carnivals used to give out cigars as prizes. What a time to be alive.
• This is at least the second movie on this list with Cain and Abel parallels for its strained sibling relationship, but this one doesn’t have Burl Ives providing the allegories. Points deducted.
• “You tell me the story of your life and maybe I can suggest a happy ending.” Another good line. Polonsky was on a roll that day.
• One of the first major plot points hinges on a horse race bet, and 776 wins big, as expected. Someone check that horse for steroids!
• It’s hard not to laugh at the dramatic tension once the characters learn that their phone is tapped. Today it’d be a twist if someone wasn’t listening to your call.
• Character actor Howland Chamberlain gets a chance to shine in the key supporting role of Mr. Bauer. And his glasses/pencil mustache combo makes Bauer look like Groucho Marx’s first dramatic role.

• Roy Roberts is another one of those character actor who’s been flying under my radar this whole time. He’s in at least four other NFR movies, three of which I’ve already watched for this blog! And he’s in one of my favorite movies!
• While the film mostly avoids the dramatic lighting of earlier film noir efforts, that all comes to a head in the finale, in which the only light comes from another room, slipping through the cracks in the door. It’s very effective.
• Another feature in many of these noir-adjacent movies: on-location shooting. The film’s final moments take place in the real streets of New York, most notably the Little Red Lighthouse, right under the George Washington Bridge. It’s still there, and is one of New York’s many historic landmarks. And yes, it’s the same Little Red Lighthouse from the book.

Legacy 

• While not a success in its day, “Force of Evil” has been reevaluated over time. Among its biggest champions: Martin Scorsese, who claims this was the first movie he can remember seeing (and that would explain a lot).
• Unfortunately, “Force of Evil” is connected with the Communist witch hunt that was occurring in Washington around this time. Abraham Polonsky was a member of the Communist Party, and was blacklisted when he refused to testify. John Garfield’s refusal to name names led to his blacklisting, as well as the end of Enterprise Productions. Garfield died of a heart attack at age 39, his previous heart condition possibly aggravated by the pressures of the blacklist.
• Abraham Polonsky returned to show business in the mid-60s with a few TV writing credits, and returned to the director’s chair for 1969’s “Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here”. In addition to writing and directing, Polonsky taught at USC, and openly criticized Elia Kazan for naming names during in the ’50s. Polonsky died in 1999 at the age of 88.

#568) Where Are My Children (1916)

Directed & Written by Phillips Smalley and Lois Weber. Based on the play “The Unborn” by Lucy Payton and Franklyn Hall

Class of 1993 

“Where Are My Children” tackles the delicate subject of birth control and abortion. I cannot stress enough that I am vastly under-qualified to discuss these topics. As always, I am here to comment on the movie and its depiction of the subject matter, not the subject matter itself.

The Plot: Powerful district attorney Richard Walton (Tyrone Power) and his wife Edith (Helen Riaume) are a well-off childless couple. Richard is under the impression that his wife is barren, but Edith’s secret is that she gets an abortion every time she gets pregnant, feeling that raising children would interfere with her social life. When their maid’s daughter Lillian (Rena Rogers) becomes pregnant by Edith’s brother (A.D. Blake), Edith quietly sends Lillian to her doctor (Juan de la Cruz) for “personal services”, only for the procedure to go wrong and lead to Lillian’s death. After the doctor is arrested, Richard learns that Edith and many of her friends were among his clients, prompting the title question, “Where are my children?”

Why It Matters: The NFR praises Weber for her “thought-provoking film”, though admits that it “may appear heavy-handed and stilted by modern standards”. An essay by Lois Weber expert Shelley Stamp pokes the right holes in the film’s often-contradictory message.

But Does It Really?: Oh we are skating on some thin ice here, people. I am all for having Lois Weber’s filmography on this list, and it was fascinating to see how the birth control debate was dramatized over a hundred years ago. That being said, “Where Are My Children” can be an uncomfortable modern watch; its obvious one-sidedness condemning any woman who dares to not have a child. It’s an extreme that I wish would appear antiquated in today’s cultural landscape, but honestly doesn’t feel too different from any pro-abstinence propaganda some far-right organization would produce. Wherever you stand on the topic of birth control, “Where Are My Children” is worth a watch for its place in history, and for the legacy of early female film pioneer Lois Weber.

Everybody Gets One: We’ve covered Lois Weber in our previous post on “Shoes“, but it’s worth a reminder here that Weber felt the medium of film should be a “living newspaper” to discuss the issues of the day, and birth control was a hot topic in 1916 (see “Other Notes”).

Wow, That’s Dated: This is a good time to mention that when this movie references birth control, they mean it in its broadest terms, and not any specific method. Birth control would not start to become legal in the United States until the 1930s, the condom being the first major form of birth control to be promoted. The birth control pill as we know it today wouldn’t arrive until the 1950s, or become commonly available until the 1960s.

Title Track: This movie began production under the working title “The Illborn”. It should also be noted that although many write-ups include a question mark in the title, “Where Are My Children” is presented in the film’s opening credits without one.

Other notes 

• “Where Are My Children” was based on a real-life obscenity case involving birth control. In 1914, when the birth control advocacy movement was starting to get its first major support in America, activist Margaret Sanger distributed her newsletter The Woman Rebel, which included promotions for contraception (it should be noted that while Mrs. Sanger was pro-birth control, she was anti-abortion). Sanger was arrested on obscenity charges (laws at the time prohibited using the postal service to deliver obscene writing or content), and fled the country rather than face trial. She returned in 1916 to open the very first birth control clinic in America…which was shut down nine days later. “Where Are My Children” was one of many films of the era that tackled birth control.
• This film begins with what may be the first parental guidance disclaimer before a movie. The Universal Film Manufacturing Company (as it was known then) suggests that no adult allow their children to see this movie unaccompanied, “but if you bring them it will do them an immeasurable amount of good.”
• For those of you who wonder what stance this movie will take, the first shot is the gates of heaven as the souls of children are waiting to be born, with text referring to “chance” children and “unwanted” souls. Strap in, everyone.
• Richard Walton is described as being “a great believer in eugenics”. This whole movie makes the case that while abortion should be allowed for lower class citizens, it is a crime for the upper class to not carry on their legacy. Yikes.
• One of the film’s less depressing pieces of trivia: Tyrone Power Sr. and Helen Riaume were married in real life. In fact, this is one of the rare movies where Ms. Riaume was not credited as “Mrs. Tyrone Power”.
• The doctor the women go to for their abortions is Dr. Malfit. Mal. Fit. Real subtle, everyone. Why not just call him Dr. Shady McQuack?
• “Practice teach men of this class the bold methods.” Why do we have so many euphemisms for sexual assault?
• Characters in this movie find out they’re pregnant when a superimposed child head with angel wings appear over their shoulder. Creepy, but I’m sure it beats peeing onto a stick.
• Nowadays it’s fairly safe to assume that your female movie directors have a liberal streak to them, which makes Lois Weber all the more interesting. Described as “relatively conservative”, Weber distanced herself from the growing Women’s Suffragette movement of the time, and made several films that condemned women who chose a life other than homemaker and mother. If only she had the wisdom of Madeleine Albright to guide her.
• The movie’s final shot shows Mr. and Mrs. Walton, now elderly, sitting by the fireplace, as the superimposed vision of their “unwanted” adult children and grandchildren appear before them. Okay, we get it! In an attempt to end this section on a lighter note: one of the children is Tyrone Power Sr.’s son (and future movie star) Tyrone Power Jr.

Legacy 

• “Where Are My Children” premiered with the level of controversy you’d expect it to have. The National Board of Review initially rejected the film on the grounds of “medical misinformation”, but eventually reversed their decision on appeal (with an “Adults Only” caveat). In addition, the film was subject to a lawsuit in New York, and was outright banned in Pennsylvania. Despite these controversies (or perhaps because of them), “Where Are My Children” was Universal’s most successful picture of 1916.
• Lois Weber’s next movie – “Shoes” – would also find its way onto the National Film Registry. The lead actress of “Shoes”, Mary MacLaren, appears in a bit part in “Children”, her first collaboration with Weber.

• Weber would return to the issue of birth control the following year in her film “The Hand That Rocks the Cradle”. Lois herself played the lead role, a Margaret Sanger type who is arrested for advocating birth control. And now I’m reading sources that say Weber was an “ardent admirer” of Sanger? This is getting more complicated than I thought.
• While the conversation regarding birth control and abortion is still a controversial issue over 100 years later, film depictions have thankfully become more nuanced. Look no further than Eliza Hittman’s 2020 film “Never Rarely Sometimes Always”, which addresses a teenage pregnancy with much more sympathy towards its protagonist.

• Margaret Sanger went on to found the American Birth Control League in 1921, eventually evolving into what we know today as Planned Parenthood. And– what’s this? Why it’s a link to Planned Parenthood’s donation page. How did that get there? Well, while you’re here…

#567) Morocco (1930)

OR “Chasing Amy”

Directed by Josef von Sternberg

Written by Jules Furthman. Based on the novel “Amy Jolly, die Frau aus Marrakesch” by Benno Vigny.

Class of 1992

The Plot: In the midst of the Rif War of the late 1920s, a unit of the French Foreign Legion returns to their base in Morocco. While at a local nightclub, legionnaire Tom Brown (Gary Cooper) falls for new cabaret singer Amy Jolly (Marlene Dietrich). The two meet backstage, and while there is some chemistry, Amy has become jaded from previous bad relationships, and does not want to get involved with a chronic womanizer like Tom. At the same time, Amy is being wooed by Monsieur La Bessiere (Adolphe Menjou), a wealthy man who proposes marriage. And from this love triangle came two of Hollywood’s biggest movie stars.

Why It Matters: The NFR calls the film von Sternberg’s best, praising its “exotic atmosphere” and a “sultry” Dietrich. There’s also an essay by Donna Ross, the NFR’s website guru.

But Does It Really?: I mean, I get it: “Morocco” is one of the more daring pre-Code movies, and it made a star out of Dietrich in her first American film. The film is also another von Sternberg movie that critics fawn over for its artistry. Am I missing something with this guy? Ultimately, “Morocco” is a movie I appreciated more than I enjoyed, but its place in Hollywood history is strong enough for me to label its NFR standing as “historical significance”.

Wow, That’s Dated: As always with these studio films, my sincere apologies to the people of Morocco for how they are depicted here. But hey, at least you also get “Casablanca“.

Seriously, Oscars?: “Morocco” was a hit with audiences, and the film garnered four Oscar nominations: Director, Actress, Art Direction and Cinematography. Unfortunately, the film went 0 for 4, losing to, respectively, “Skippy”, “Min and Bill”, “Cimarron”, and “Tabu“. This would be the only nomination of Marlene Dietrich’s career, and one of only two for von Sternberg (nominated later for “Shanghai Express”).

Other notes 

• When we last covered Josef von Sternberg, he had finished “The Last Command” and headed off to Germany to film “The Blue Angel”. Film and stage actor Marlene Dietrich became the breakout star of the movie, and von Sternberg returned to America with his new discovery in tow. Paramount went all-in on turning Dietrich into the next Garbo, and “Morocco” was designed as her star vehicle (“The Blue Angel” would not see its American release until two months after “Morocco” premiered).
• It’s important to note that while the film’s “exotic” Moroccan setting seems tame now, back then it worked as pure escapism. “Morocco” came out in November 1930, a full year after the Stock Market Crash and the beginning of the Great Depression. Audiences wanted to forget about their troubles at the movies, and “Morocco” kicked off a decade-long trend of Hollywood films with big stars in far-away places.
• “Morocco” was made before the Hays Code went into effect, hence why its take on extra-marital affairs is more lenient. Plus, keep an eye out for some brief pre-Code nudity!
• As with a lot of movies on this list, it’s a treat to watch a movie star in the making. Dietrich already knows how to be seductive for the camera, but it feels fresher here than in her later movies. Dietrich would later say that “Morocco” is where she and von Sternberg learned how to properly light her for maximum allure, a lesson she would take with her for the rest of her career.
• Also playing against future-typecasting: Gary Cooper. His Tom is a character devoid of the well-meaning naïveté of a Longfellow Deeds or Alvin York. And he gets a lot more screentime here than he did in “Wings“, that’s for sure. Both Cooper and Dietrich benefit from the film’s lack of dialogue, letting the silence aid in their characters’ mystique.
• The film’s claim to fame is in an early scene, when Amy performs her first number dressed in a tux, stopping to kiss a woman in the audience. It’s the kind of overt lesbianism we wouldn’t see in the movies for another 40 years.

• My other takeaway from Marlene Dietrich’s performance: Madelene Kahn did her homework.
• My only knowledge of the French Foreign Legion comes from old movies, so I had to look up if they still exist. They sure do, with almost 9,000 members from 140 countries. And as far as I can tell, they no longer wear those hats with the neck drape (which I learned is called a kepi).
• I also learned that the official languages of Morocco are Arabic and Berber. I do not speak either, so I don’t know if what the actors playing the Moroccans are speaking is authentic or gibberish. I know the French everyone speaks in this movie is accurate, so that gives me hope.
• Poor Adolphe Menjou, playing the third wheel to Dietrich and Cooper’s rising stars. Of all the great Menjou performances on this list, “Morocco” gives him his least impressive one.

• One of the things preventing me from fully enjoying this movie is its lack of a score. As with most movies of the era, the only non-diegetic music in “Morocco” is played during the opening credits, which makes the other 90 minutes of near silence seem to drag on longer. I know this isn’t necessarily the movie’s fault, but come on and give me something!
• La Bessiere to Amy: “You seem gay tonight.” Brother, you have no idea. Well, the tux was your first clue.
• While von Sternberg’s visual storytelling and lack of dialogue is commendable, it does leave everyone giving cold, almost distant performances. I know that none of these characters want to show their true feelings to anyone, but it makes for a tougher watch, at least for me. That being said, I feel like any other set of actors would have played this as a syrupy romance/melodrama.
• [Spoilers] I will say the ending took me by surprise. Realizing that she loves Tom, Amy leaves La Bessiere and follows Tom on foot through the desert as his unit marches out of town. It’s an ending whose power lies in its restraint: no flowery dialogue, no tearful reunion, just Marlene trudging through the desert as the film fades to black and the Paramount logo plays over the sound of the desert winds.

Legacy 

• “Morocco” was a success, and launched the careers of both Marlene Dietrich and Gary Cooper. “Morocco” was so big, Sid Grauman lifted his ban on showing any Paramount movies at the Chinese Theater so that he could show “Morocco”.

• Dietrich and von Sternberg would make five more movies together, including “Shanghai Express”, “Blonde Venus” and “The Scarlet Empress”. After the lackluster success of 1935’s “The Devil Is a Woman”, von Sternberg and Dietrich amicably agreed to part ways, for fear of their collaborations becoming stale and repetitive.
• Although he continued directing for another 20 years, Josef von Sternberg’s career never reached the same heights as his years with Dietrich. In the late ’50s/early ’60s, von Sternberg taught a film course at UCLA. Among his students were Jim Morrison and Ray Manzarek, both of whom would cite von Sternberg as a major influence on the aesthetic of The Doors. Who knew?
• Marlene Dietrich continued to be a movie star for the rest of her career, with such films as later NFR entries “Destry Rides Again“, “Touch of Evil“, and “Judgment at Nuremberg“. Now what’s it gonna take to get her best performance – “Witness for the Prosecution” – on the list?

#566) My Darling Clementine (1946)

OR “What’s Up, Doc?”

Directed by John Ford

Written by Samuel G. Engel and Winston Miller. Based on the book “Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal” by Stuart N. Lake.

Class of 1991 

The Plot: Cattleman and former marshal Wyatt Earp (Henry Fonda) arrives in Tombstone, Arizona Territory with his brothers (Ward Bond, Don Garner, Tim Holt!) for a quick rest, unaware of the town’s lawless reputation. Following the murder of brother James, Wyatt reluctantly agrees to become the town’s new marshal. During his tenure, Wyatt befriends gambler Doc Holliday (Victor Mature), gets in a feud with local cattleman Old Man Clanton (Walter Brennan), and starts to develop feelings for Doc’s ex-lover Clementine Carter (Cathy Downs). As things with the Clanton family escalate, Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday find themselves in a gunfight at the O.K. Corral.

Why It Matters: The NFR praises the film’s “traditional Western action” and Ford’s skill with character development, though they admit the film is “lacking in historical accuracy”.

But Does It Really?: Sorry everyone, I just couldn’t get into this movie. I tried twice to watch “My Darling Clementine”, hoping that I missed something the first time, but ultimately I just didn’t care for this movie. It’s not a bad movie by any stretch, but it helps to have a love for the genre, as well as some prior knowledge of Wyatt Earp and the O.K. Corral. I’m willing to give “My Darling Clementine” a minor classic designation: not the quintessential John Ford western, but serviceable and mentioned enough times with other Ford movies to warrant NFR inclusion.

Everybody Gets One: Cathy Downs was a model and contract player with Fox when she got the title role of Clementine. Shortly after this film’s release, Fox dropped Downs from the studio, and the rest of her career was spent solely in television and B-movies (including “The Amazing Colossal Man“). Leading man Victor Mature had a string of successful roles at Fox and RKO in the ’40s, but is perhaps best remembered for the “swords and sandals” epics he appeared in throughout the ’50s, most notably as Samson in Cecil B. DeMille’s “Samson and Delilah“.

Wow, That’s Dated: White actor Linda Darnell plays Mexican saloon girl Chihuahua. She doesn’t attempt an accent, and I can’t decide if that’s more offensive than if she had.

Title Track: Like many a classic folk song, no one knows for sure the origin of “Oh My Darling, Clementine“, though we know the melody comes from an earlier song called “Down by the River Liv’d a Maiden”, which has the same chorus. Unsurprisingly, the song appears several times throughout the film’s underscore.

Seriously, Oscars?: No Oscar love for “My Darling Clementine”, though the National Board of Review did name it one of the top 10 films of 1946.

Other notes 

• While the real Wyatt Earp was a revered law enforcement officer in his time, his reputation as one of the Wild West’s most notorious gunfighters is a bit of an exaggeration. After Earp’s death in 1929, writer Stuart N. Lake wrote the biography “Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal”, a flattering, if highly embellished, retelling of Earp’s life. The book was a hit, and spawned several movies, including 1939’s “Frontier Marshal” with Randolph Scott. “My Darling Clementine” was also based on the book, as well as John Ford’s own recollections of meeting Wyatt Earp in the 1920s when Ford was a prop boy and Earp was retired in Los Angeles.
• It’s not a John Ford movie until there’s an unnecessary slam on Native Americans. In this case, the first person Wyatt Earp fights with in Tombstone is “Indian Charlie”. Please, it’s “Indigenous Charles”.
• John Ford staple Monument Valley appears prominently in this film, even though Monument Valley is about 500 miles north of Tombstone, Arizona. Ford had a replica of Tombstone built near Monument Valley at a price tag of $250,000.
• Most of the beginning of this film is the revelation of the big names in this story: Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, Tombstone. None of these reveals packed the intended punch for me. Up until watching this movie these people and places were all just pieces of the vague tapestry that is Wild West culture. I couldn’t even have told you they were connected. Is that just me? Or does anyone remember the O.K. Corral?

• “My Darling Clementine” is notable for being the first movie for both John Ford and Henry Fonda following their return from service in WWII. With “Clementine”, Fonda begins his transition from optimistic leading man to morally just elder statesman. Meanwhile, Ford’s post-war westerns became more meditative, their rugged backdrop serving to comment on larger ethical issues.
• You would think that after winning an Oscar for “Grapes of Wrath“, Jane Darwell would have gotten better roles, but her time at Fox saw her getting more bit parts like here and in “The Ox-Bow Incident“. You wouldn’t see that happening to Youn Yuh-jung nowadays, that’s for sure.
• The distance between 1946 and 1882 is the same as 2021 and 1957. We think of the Western as a genre based in mythos, but for so many early filmmakers, it was steeped in nostalgia.
• I’m just not getting into this movie and I don’t know why. Is it the lack of a soundtrack? Is it how leisurely paced everything is? This is certainly one of the quieter westerns on this list. Even the silent ones made more noise.
• It’s always a delight watching Henry Fonda play someone timidly trying to woo a lady. Even his dancing is wonderfully awkward.

• Shoutout to J. Farrell MacDonald as Mac the bartender, who gets the best line in the movie (Wyatt: “Have you ever been in love?” Mac: “No, I’ve been a bartender all me life.”) Side note: MacDonald bears a strong resemblance to Walter, Jeff Dunham’s old man puppet.

• As with many of the events in this movie, the gunfight at the O.K. Corral is accurate in the sense that it happened, and the people in the movie are based on the real people in the gunfight. I’m not going to nitpick every inaccuracy here, but the main one is that the gunfight itself didn’t actually take place at the O.K. Corral. It actually occurred in an empty lot six doors down from the O.K. Corral. But “Gunfight in a Lot on Fremont Street” doesn’t have the same ring to it.

Legacy 

• The mythology of Wyatt Earp’s gunfight was started by this movie, and solidified with 1957’s “Gunfight at the O.K. Corral”, as well as the “Wyatt Earp” TV series from the ’50s.

• Oh, and “Tombstone”, don’t forget “Tombstone”.

• Among those filmmakers inspired by “Clementine” was Sam Peckinpah, who cited this film as an influence on his “The Wild Bunch“.

• “My Darling Clementine” gets referenced a lot in conjunction with its appearance on episode of “MASH”. In 1977’s “Movie Night”, it’s revealed that “Clementine” is Col. Potter’s favorite movie, and he arranges a screening to boost morale among the 4077.

• This is one of the rare studio era films where an alternate cut exists. A print of “My Darling Clementine” in UCLA’s archives turned out to be a preview cut of the film, with several additional scenes and alternate takes. Both versions are available on various video releases. #ReleaseTheFordCut

#565) All About Eve (1950)

OR “Rat Baxter”

Directed & Written by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Based on the short story “The Wisdom of Eve” by Mary Orr.

Class of 1990

The Plot: In the New York theater scene of the early ’50s, Margo Channing (Bette Davis) is the premier actor of her generation, each season bringing a new vehicle for her written by friend Lloyd Richards (Hugh Marlowe) and directed by her boyfriend Bill Sampson (Gary Merrill). One night, Lloyd’s wife Karen (Celeste Holm) introduces Margo to Eve Harrington (Anne Baxter), a younger woman who idolizes Margo and longs for a life in the theater. Margo hires Eve as her personal assistant, and all seems well, until Eve starts muscling in on more aspects of Margo’s life. She becomes Margo’s understudy without her knowledge, makes a pass at Bill, and tries to convince Lloyd to start writing plays for her instead of Margo. Eve is clawing her way to the top, but theater critic Addison DeWitt (George Sanders) seems to know more about Eve than anyone else.

Why It Matters: The NFR calls the film “entertaining and quote-worthy”, despite the dialogue being “often too bitingly perfect with its sarcastic barbs and clever comebacks”. Wow, you don’t see a lot of passive-agressive digs on the early entries.

But Does It Really?: “All About Eve” started its life as a classic, and I’m happy to say has remained so 70 years later. This film earns its reputation as a great movie, possibly the greatest movie ever made about the theater (though I’ll make an argument for “Birdman“). The script succeeds not only in its memorable one-liners, but in being a fascinating character study of artists devoid of stereotypes. While the film is mainly remembered in conjunction with Bette Davis’ later-in-life camp persona, anyone willing to watch “All About Eve” on its own merits won’t be disappointed. With a top-notch script and an all-star roster of talent, “All About Eve” is a no-brainer for NFR inclusion.

Wow, That’s Dated: You may need a theater degree to fully comprehend the Broadway scene of “All About Eve”. Among the more obscure references: actors Paula Wessely and Minnie Fiske, writer Clyde Fitch, the play “Our American Cousin“, and theater critic George Jean Nathan (whom Addison is based off of). Plus, a bonus meta-reference to film producer Darryl F. Zanuck.

Title Track: Joseph Mankiewicz originally titled his screenplay “Best Performance”. After some major re-writing, he took the new title from one of Addison’s early lines: “But more of Eve later. All about Eve, in fact.”

Seriously, Oscars?: A hit right out of the gate, “All About Eve” received 14 Oscar nominations, a record that has been matched, but never surpassed. “Eve” won big with six Oscars, including Best Picture, Director, Screenplay, and Supporting Actor for George Sanders. Despite receiving four nominations for its female performers (still a record), Celeste Holm and Thelma Ritter lost Best Supporting Actress to Josephine Hull in “Harvey”, while Anne Baxter and Bette Davis lost Best Actress to Judy Holliday in “Born Yesterday“. And while I do not contest any of this film’s wins, the “All About Eve” juggernaut left little room for the film’s main Oscar rival and fellow contemplation of middle-aged actresses: “Sunset Boulevard“.

Other notes 

• Writer/actor Mary Orr based “The Wisdom of Eve” on an experience actress Elisabeth Bergner had with a young actress she befriended. Orr based the character of Eve on “many young actresses I had met, including a great deal of myself.” “The Wisdom of Eve” was originally published in Cosmopolitan in 1946, and caught the eye of Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who thought the story would be a great addition to a screenplay he was working on about an aging actress. Although Ms. Orr receives no on-screen credit for her source material, she received $5,000 for selling the film rights to Fox, and got a portion of Mankiewicz’s share of the film’s profits.
• Bette Davis was fresh out of Warner Bros. when Margo Channing came into her life, and with this performance we see the beginning of Davis’ camp years. Her Margo is theatrical rather than over-the-top (yes, there’s a difference), and is the first of Davis’ many latter-career jaded actors.

• Tallulah Bankhead was convinced she was the inspiration for Margo Channing, even stating that Bette Davis was emulating her trademark husky voice. The real reason behind Davis’ raspy delivery was stress caused by her divorce from husband #3 (More about husband #4 later). Even Mary Orr denied the connection when Bankhead asked about it.
• Every movie is better with Thelma Ritter in it. As Margo’s dresser Birdie, Ritter provides the film’s non-quippy comic relief. The only downside to her performance is that she disappears halfway through the movie.

• Anne Baxter finds the right balance of sincerity and intensity with Eve. Her opening monologue is heartbreaking, but you get a sense that something is off about her.
• Before this movie I could not have told you the difference between Gary Merrill and Hugh Marlowe. Now…I still can’t. Adding insult to injury, I’ve also forgotten that I’ve already watched their other NFR entries.
• I can’t get over how lax airport security was back in the day. Margo sees Bill off at the gate; she can practically touch the wing of the plane!
• I strongly disagree with the NFR’s stance on the film’s dialogue. The characters are well defined enough (and the acting solid enough) that you believe everyone would come up with naturally clever repartee.
• It wasn’t until doing research for this post that I realized the famous line “Fasten your seatbelts. It’s going to be a bumpy night” is a reference to airplanes. Seatbelts did not start being offered in cars until the mid-50s.

• Ah yes, that’s an on-the-verge-of-fame Marilyn Monroe as Addison’s arm candy Miss Casswell. Her natural allure and comic timing lend themselves well to the part.

• Quick question about Eve being Margo’s understudy: is she Equity? She doesn’t mention any previous stage experience. And while we’re on the subject, I just realized that we never see either Eve or Margo perform at any point in this movie. The closest we get is Margo’s curtain call. Interesting choice.
• I like the rapport between Margo and Bill. Theirs is the rare film relationship that is undone not by some misunderstanding, but rather because they know each other too well. It helps that Bette Davis and Gary Merrill were starting to get romantically involved during filming, and married shortly after production wrapped.

• Oh, that heel turn by Eve in the ladies bathroom. You know it’s coming, but man is it a sight to behold. Anne Baxter and Celeste Holm both play their sides of the scene perfectly. This scene is also further proof that the ladies’ room is always nicer than the men’s.

• George Sanders always excelled as the sardonic intellectual, and Addison is his finest film performance. He handles the one-liners expertly, and is equally good once the character becomes more menacing. Plus, I could listen to that voice all day.

• How old is Eve supposed to be? In real life, Anne Baxter was 27, 15 years Bette Davis’ junior, and only two years older than Barbara Bates, who plays Eve’s devoted fan Phoebe, a high school senior. Everyone in old movies look like they’re the same age. All those pre-WWII generations were built Ford tough.

Legacy 

• As previously mentioned, Bette Davis and Gary Merrill married shortly after filming “Eve”, and adopted a baby girl whom they named Margot. Davis suggested that Mankiewicz write a sequel showing Margo and Bill’s marriage, but years later, the now-divorced Davis told Mankiewicz, “I’ve played it and it doesn’t work.”
• Under the right circumstances, a musical version of “All About Eve” could work. “Applause” is not that musical. Charles Strouse and Lee Adams’ updating of “All About Eve” transplants the story to the Broadway musical scene of the early ’70s, with Margo Channing now played by (and tailored to) Lauren Bacall. When Bacall left the show she was replaced by – who else? – Anne Baxter.

• A more faithful (and non-musical) stage adaptation played the West End in 2019, with Gillian Anderson and Lily James as Margo and Eve, respectively.

• Many movies and TV shows have referenced “All About Eve” over the years, mainly evoking the title, the general plot, and/or some variation of “Fasten your seatbelts.” One of the more sincere allusions comes from Pedro Almodóvar’s “Todo sobre mi madre”, which translates to “All About My Mother”.

• And finally, life imitated art one more time in the early ’80s when Bette Davis left the television show “Hotel” due to ill health. Her replacement: who else? Anne Baxter.